Thorn Queen Chapter Six Free Essays

string(29) " felt magic move through me\." Kiyo always healed quickly, and when we got home that night, he was in fine condition to see who could put on the highest-quality performance in bed. Consequently, he woke in a very cheerful mood the next day, though he still couldn’t help a little grumbling about following along yet again. I knew it was all gruffness, though. We will write a custom essay sample on Thorn Queen Chapter Six or any similar topic only for you Order Now He liked knowing I was safe, and that warmed something up inside of me. â€Å"You tricked me,† he remarked once we’d crossed over to the Otherworld that morning. I was hoping these bandits would be as easy to dispatch as the kobolds, unnatural hybrids of small animals aside. â€Å"After that thing you did in bed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He sighed happily at the memory of a particularly skillful feat my mouth had performed last night. â€Å"Well, you know I’d agree to do anything now.† â€Å"Come on,† I said, still feeling a bit proud. â€Å"It has nothing to do with that. Don’t you want to see justice served to those who dare torment my subjects?† â€Å"Careful there. People might think you’re acting like a real queen.† I glanced down at my torn jeans and Poison T-shirt. â€Å"Well, let’s not get carried away. Maybe it’d help if I got a crown like Dorian said.† To my astonishment, Kiyo’s teasing expression immediately hardened. â€Å"No. That’s the last thing you should do.† I stared in surprise. â€Å"Why not? Too Miss America?† â€Å"It’ll make you seem more†¦official.† I gestured around at the tapestry-draped castle room we’d appeared in. â€Å"We’re in a fucking castle, Kiyo. I don’t really see how it can get any more official.† â€Å"You don’t understand. I mean, you’re a queen, yeah, and they all know it†¦but a lot just see you as this warrior stand-in. Like a regent. Get a crown†¦start appearing before lots of people in it, and I don’t know. It makes you legitimate. It makes it real. It’ll be harder for you to get out of this than it already is.† I thought about how often I’d wished I hadn’t been saddled with this land and how often I’d tried to avoid it-yet still kept coming back. â€Å"I don’t think it can get any harder.† We found Shaya before heading out on our raid. I’d brought some things that I hoped would help with the Thorn Land’s drought and famine. When I gave the first one to her, she could only stare in silence for several moments. â€Å"Your majesty†¦what is this?† â€Å"It’s a children’s place mat I got from Joe’s Tex-Mex restaurant.† Along with Joe’s kid’s menu, the place mat also depicted a map of Arizona that kids could color while waiting for their food. I pointed to the assorted symbols on the map. â€Å"See, this shows Arizona’s natural resources. The stuff that grows and can be found there. Cotton. Copper.† â€Å"What’s this?† she asked, pointing to something that resembled a glass of liquid. I frowned. It certainly wasn’t water, that was for damned sure. â€Å"I think it’s some kind of citrus product. Orange. Grapefruit.† I shrugged. â€Å"I think you can grow either in this weather. And that’s the point. This land mirrors Tucson, so all the things there should be the same here. There should be copper deposits that you guys can find. That’s valuable in trade, right?† Copper was one of the few metals gentry could handle. Iron was right out, being the harbinger of technology. That’s what made it one of my most lethal weapons. â€Å"And the rest should grow here, if you can find seeds. Someone must have them somewhere, even in this world.† â€Å"They still need water,† she pointed out. â€Å"Right. That’s what this is for.† I handed her my next prize: a book. â€Å"It’s a history of the engineering of wells and aqueducts from ancient and medieval Europe. It should help in moving water around.† She still looked stunned, so I tried to think of something comforting. â€Å"I’ll help find more water sources too.† I then handed her another book about Southwest architecture, adobe and stucco homes. She took the books and flipped through them, taking in the dense chapters and diagrams. â€Å"I don’t think I’m the right person to do this. I don’t have the mind for it.† â€Å"Maybe not. But I’m sure you can delegate to someone who can.† I patted her encouragingly on the arm. The truth was, I was as baffled by the book as she was. I could put together jigsaw puzzles in record time. Reading engineering diagrams? Not so much. â€Å"Just be careful with them-those are library books.† I had to go then and felt a little bad about leaving her. Yet, despite her confusion now, I knew she would find people and ways to implement this. She was just that competent. Maybe I should have had more of a hand in this, but hey, I’d been the one who had to choke down Joe’s crap Tex-Mex food in order to score the place mat. That had to count for something. If I’d had my way, I would have just taken Kiyo and gone out to hunt down these bandits ourselves. I had to imagine they were just riffraff and not much of an obstacle to us. Kiyo was a pretty fierce fighter, as last night had shown, and between my weapons and magic, I was his equal. Rurik had protested this plan, however, insisting that he and almost two dozen guards come along. I didn’t think this gave us much in the way of stealth, but he’d told me we’d dismount and go on foot once we reached the passes the bandits lived in. Before we left, I decided we might as well add one more person to our entourage. I stepped into a darkened corner, far from the light of candles in the room, and took out my wand. Immediately, the guards moved away from me. They knew what I was going to do and didn’t like it. When something magical made gentry uneasy, you knew it was bad. I spoke the words of summoning and felt magic move through me. You read "Thorn Queen Chapter Six" in category "Essay examples" It wasn’t the storm magic I’d inherited, the pull to water and air. This was a learned human magic, a way of reaching out to the worlds beyond. The temperature in the room dropped, a sudden shock compared to the dry heat we’d just been in. Then, the cold lifted, and Volusian stood before me. Volusian was my minion, for lack of a better word. He was a damned soul, cursed to wander without rest for all eternity after committing atrocious acts in life. I’d fought and bound him to me, forcing him to serve me. Volusian wasn’t very happy about this and frequently liked to remind me of how he would destroy me if he ever broke free of my control. After hearing stuff like that over and over, it almost took on a familiar feel, kind of like how a pop song heard often enough will work its way into your heart. While Otherworldly spirits often had insubstantial forms in the human world, the shape Volusian had now looked exactly the same as it would if I summoned him back home: a short, imp-like creature with black skin, pointed ears, and red eyes. â€Å"My mistress calls,† he said in a flat voice. â€Å"And I answer. Regretfully.† â€Å"Oh, Volusian,† I said cheerfully. â€Å"Always a joy to have you around. You’re such a ray of sunshine on a dreary day.† Volusian merely stared. I turned to the others, hoping I sounded queenly and authoritative. â€Å"Alright. Let’s go kick some outlaws out of town.† I still wasn’t used to having an entourage of guards. So much of my life had been solitary, so much of it spent fighting on my own†¦well, I didn’t really know what to do with so many people at my back. As we headed toward our destination, I found it was a lot easier to deal with the guards if I just focused on Kiyo and pretended we were alone. â€Å"I can’t believe you gave Shaya a place mat and now expect her to revolutionize this place’s total infrastructure,† he noted. â€Å"What else am I supposed to do?† I asked. â€Å"You were just complaining about me getting too involved in this place. Handing off a place mat is about as uninvolved as I can get-unless you’re saying I should take a more active role now?† â€Å"No,† he answered swiftly, face darkening a little. â€Å"Believe me, if there were an easy way for you to give up this place, I’d make you do it.† I cut him a glance. â€Å"You’d make me, huh?† â€Å"Encourage,† he amended. â€Å"Unfortunately, it’s a moot point. The only way to lose a kingdom is if your power drops or†¦well, if you’re killed.† â€Å"I’m sure Volusian would love to help with that.† My minion walked near me, needing no horse to move swiftly. Upon hearing his name, he said, â€Å"I would perform the deed with great relish and much suffering on your part, mistress.† â€Å"You can’t put a price on that kind of loyalty,† I told Kiyo solemnly. â€Å"No crown even required.† Kiyo grunted noncommittally. There was a lot of tension between him and Dorian, but the one thing they both agreed on was that Volusian was trouble. Both had encouraged me to get rid of him. I didn’t have the power to completely banish him to the Underworld, but it probably could be managed with another magic user. Still, dangerous or no, I continued to retain the spirit’s services. â€Å"Are you going to stick around when we’re done here?† I asked. That was my subtle way of asking if Kiyo was going to see Maiwenn. His dark eyes were on the road ahead, thoughtful. â€Å"No. I was hoping to go back to Tucson and see if I could get this hot chick I know to go out with me. I hear she’s in demand, though. She keeps putting me off each time I try to plan something romantic.† â€Å"Yeah, well, maybe if you come up with a good itinerary, you could lure her out.† â€Å"I was thinking dinner at Joe’s.† I made a face. â€Å"If that’s the case, maybe you’d better brace yourself for rejection.† â€Å"Red Pepper Bistro?† â€Å"Okay. Now you’re in the zone.† â€Å"Followed by a long massage in the sauna.† â€Å"That’s pretty good too.† â€Å"And then indecent things in the sauna.† â€Å"I hope you mean you’ll be doing the indecent things-because I more than did my share last night.† Kiyo glanced over at me with a mischievous grin. â€Å"Who says I’m talking about you?† I would have swatted him if he’d been in reach. Instead, I grinned back, my mood happy and light. Bantering with him like this was just like the old days, back before Maiwenn and this baby business was an issue. I felt like his girlfriend again. And despite just having had sex last night, I couldn’t deny the truth. Thinking about having sex with him in the sauna was doing uncomfortable-pleasantly uncomfortable-things to my body, particularly with my legs spread like they were. Our gazes met, and I felt an answering heat in his eyes. I remembered how fierce he’d been while throwing himself in front of me last night and could perfectly envision that same fierceness translated into passion in bed. The lines and muscles of his body suddenly seemed that much stronger, and I could imagine his hands all over me†¦. Rurik trotted up beside me and interrupted my pornographic thoughts. â€Å"We need to go on foot now. We’re getting close.† We stopped on the edge of a â€Å"forest† comprised of saguaro cactuses and scraggly trees. They spread on ahead of us, up toward some sharp rises in the land that turned into sandy red cliffs studded with rocks. While tethering the horses, Kiyo decided he’d go ahead and scout in fox form. â€Å"If you can’t change back, that’s going to seriously interfere with our date,† I told him. He ran a hand along my bare arm, making every part of me tingle. â€Å"Nah, nothing’s interfering with that. I’ll go in small fox form-they’ll never see me.† He slowly shape-shifted, his large, muscled frame growing smaller, then elongating into a red fox about as big as a medium-sized dog. He brushed against my leg and then disappeared into the vegetation ahead. I watched him go. Some part of me would always worry about those I loved, but overall, I had confidence in Kiyo when it came to dangerous situations. The rest of us milled about in the midday heat, passing water around. About twenty minutes later, Kiyo returned. With each approaching step, he transformed from a cuddly furry critter into the man I loved. Not that I didn’t love him as a fox too. â€Å"They’re over there, just like we thought,† Kiyo said. There was kind of a lope as he walked, a leftover from the fox form. It was both cute and sexy at the same time. â€Å"Looks like they’re camped out and resting for the day.† â€Å"Any lookouts?† asked Rurik. Kiyo grinned. â€Å"Not anymore.† I rolled my eyes. â€Å"Did you see any girls?† His smile faded. â€Å"No. Just the bandits. They’ve got a few less people than we do.† â€Å"Well, that’s good,† I said, frowning. No girls. What did that mean? Had the couple in the village been wrong? Maybe their daughter really had run off with her boyfriend. Still, if this group was harassing people, getting rid of them would certainly be a good deed. Kiyo and Rurik plotted strategy on how to sneak up on the camp, and our group set off, planning to fan out around the brigands. With no lookouts, the gang had no one to warn them of our approach and seemed totally unaware when we got our first glimpse of them. They were mostly men, with a few women. The women clearly weren’t captured girls, though. They were older and hardened from harsh living. The whole group looked like it had seen hard times, actually. There was a toughness about them that suggested they’d fight tooth and nail. Based on an earlier discussion, I’d thought our whole group would just swoop down at once. Instead, one of my guards suddenly stepped out and shouted, â€Å"Surrender in the name of the queen!† Oh God, I thought. He did not just say that. There was no time to ponder it further as my party charged forward. â€Å"Remember,† I hissed to Volusian. â€Å"Subdue. Don’t kill.† He didn’t look happy about this. Of course, he never looked happy. The rest of my guards had orders to avoid killing if they could but not to hesitate if it was their life or a bandit’s. I wanted prisoners we could question later and didn’t really like the idea of furthering my tyrannical image if I could help it. As I’d expected, the bandits fought back. No surrender here. They had conventional gentry weapons, as well as some weak fighting magic. It became clear early on that taking prisoners was a little harder than killing. Killing was fast. Taking someone down and tying them up was a little more complicated. It exposed you to attacks from others. Nonetheless, I saw my guards handily bind two of the bandits right away. A couple other bandits got killed shortly thereafter, but they’d had knives at my men’s throats and left us no alternative. Kiyo and I were working together to tie a flailing man up when I suddenly felt a surge of magic in the air. I stopped what I was doing. It wasn’t gentry magic. In fact, none of the others noticed it right away. As a shaman, I’d developed a sensitivity to creatures and powers from the different worlds. This power made my skin prickle and had a slimy, oily feel to it. It wasn’t from the human world or even the Otherworld. There were Underworld creatures here. â€Å"Demons,† I said, just as they materialized within the camp. â€Å"There are fucking demons here.† How to cite Thorn Queen Chapter Six, Essay examples

How does Shakespeare present the themes of love and hate in Act 1 (focusing on Scene Five) of Romeo and Juliet Essay Example For Students

How does Shakespeare present the themes of love and hate in Act 1 (focusing on Scene Five) of Romeo and Juliet? Essay The presentations of both love and hate reach their first climaxes in Act 1, in the meeting of Romeo and Juliet, and in the hatred that Romeo stirs in Tybalt during that meeting. The characters playing major roles in this scene, Romeo, Juliet and Tybalt, are each seen to experience both ends of the emotional spectrum, and the way Shakespeare orders events highlights this contrast, and also helps build dramatic irony. Shakespeares presentation of love and hate is defined in the Prologue, where the Chorus recites a sonnet that informs the audience of the conclusion of the entire drama, where A pair of star-crossd lovers take their life. It is here that Shakespeare destroys the notion of free will inside his play, and the underlying theme of fate in association with love and hate is announced. Also, with the audience forewarned of the outcome, all that takes place is seen in a new light, as now the audience care less about what happens, but how. Romeo and Juliets sonnet later in the play contains echoes of the opening one, further enhancing the idea that we are watching two people being carried inexorably toward their destiny, an image that epitomises the whole tragedy. A different type of love is seen prior to Scene Five. It is the more orthodox Petrarchan love, and Romeo seems to be trapped in the role of stereotypical lover, talking in clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s and inert metaphors, and it seems that Romeo is almost in love with the idea of being in love rather than with the elusive Rosaline. This is a world away from the love later shared by Romeo and Juliet, which is a far more equal and tender love; and the contrast serves to make the play much more effective. The wait before scene five is also used to establish the personality of Juliet; her meekness toward her parents is made evident, as well as her relationship with the Nurse, in Scene Three of Act 1. Juliets impending marriage to Paris is also introduced, and by examining the way it is discussed, we can deduce a lot about the attitudes toward love and marriage held by Juliet, Lady Capulet and the Nurse, and perhaps even Elizabethans in general. Juliet calls the marriage an honour before even meeting her prospective husband, showing that love was not considered important for marriage, and also giving her eventual (informal) elopement an element of self-sacrifice. The Nurse says Women grow by men, compounding this idea, and adding that increased status was more an incentive for marriage than love, which shows that Juliets affair with Romeo would have been considered atypical and rather risquà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ by an Elizabethan audience. Today however, Juliets actions would have been thought of as a liberation from the constraints of society, and therefore applauded. Scene Five opens with dialogue between two servants rushing busily around the stage, a sequence thats purpose is to break the static atmosphere left by the previous scene; dissipate the fraught passion left in the wake of Mercutios Queen Mab speech; and also to announce the new setting to the audience. The opening speech of Capulet follows, further enhancing the setting, and also injecting a touch of humour into proceedings, which puts the audience at ease, and therefore makes the drama that ensues that much more effective. The first event of note is the initial glimpse Romeo gets of Juliet. What ladys that? he asks a servant, but the servant doesnt know (although the audience does), and the dramatic irony begins to increase. .ueba9083465c309deabbee2a458adc69a , .ueba9083465c309deabbee2a458adc69a .postImageUrl , .ueba9083465c309deabbee2a458adc69a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueba9083465c309deabbee2a458adc69a , .ueba9083465c309deabbee2a458adc69a:hover , .ueba9083465c309deabbee2a458adc69a:visited , .ueba9083465c309deabbee2a458adc69a:active { border:0!important; } .ueba9083465c309deabbee2a458adc69a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueba9083465c309deabbee2a458adc69a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueba9083465c309deabbee2a458adc69a:active , .ueba9083465c309deabbee2a458adc69a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueba9083465c309deabbee2a458adc69a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueba9083465c309deabbee2a458adc69a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueba9083465c309deabbee2a458adc69a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueba9083465c309deabbee2a458adc69a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueba9083465c309deabbee2a458adc69a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueba9083465c309deabbee2a458adc69a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueba9083465c309deabbee2a458adc69a .ueba9083465c309deabbee2a458adc69a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueba9083465c309deabbee2a458adc69a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Do not go Gentle into that good nigh EssayAs a result of Romeos blissful ignorance to Juliets lineage, he goes on to make a lengthy speech that makes judicious use of metaphors in describing her many virtues. He creates a variety of natural images, a snowy dove trooping with crows being a prime example. Here, in portraying Juliet as snowy, Romeo compliments her fair complexion (and also perhaps comments on her innocence), while dove trooping with crows is a comparison between Juliet, the exquisite dove, and the other women at the ball, whom she has relegated by her beauty to the status of crows, a distinctly drab form of bird. Throughout his monologue, Romeo depicts himself as unworthy of Juliet, and hence elevates her to an almost angelic level, an idea supported by the many religious references made by Romeo in his conversation with Juliet later in the scene. Although it could be suggested that this is the typical exaggeration of a lover, it is more likely that Shakespeare meant for Romeos soliloquy to lend extra poignancy to the plight of the lovers, whom the audience knew were doomed. Before that, however, comes the darker of our two themes: hatred in the form of Tybalt. The uplifting mood of the scene is shattered immediately as the sweet tone of Romeo is replaced by Tybalts rasping dialogue. He is outraged that Romeo would dare to show his face at one of the Capulets greatest occasions, and instantly calls fetch me my rapier, boy, an act that is an omen of future bloodshed, and also establishes the violent undertone that accompanies Romeo and Juliets relationship from here until its tragic conclusion. Shakespeare places Tybalts outburst immediately after Romeos speech, and the change in mood is shocking in its speed, throwing the audience off-balance. However, Romeo is oblivious to all of this, and again dramatic irony comes into play. On the other hand, Capulet, when informed of Romeos presence, does not succumb to the same rage that grips Tybalt, even though his enmity towards the Montagues may be greater. This gives an interesting insight into his character, as in his response to Tybalt he says I would not here in my house do him disparagement, an honourable sentiment. This chivalric attitude might perhaps embody that of all the elders of both houses, in a contrast with the fierce passionate hate displayed by the younger players in the battle. The grudge may have been borne so long by Capulet that it has become enshrined, in a way someone might treat an old wound: it still hurts, but is now worn with a certain amount of pride. The respite from Tybalt given by Capulets good humour is temporary, and as we are soon reminded that he will neither forgive nor forget, the audience is left with a feeling of foreboding as the mood of the scene shifts yet again, and love returns to centre stage. It is halfway through this scene when Romeo and Juliet finally converse with each other, and it is fitting that this long awaited exchange takes the form of a Petrarchan sonnet, a traditionally romantic form of English. It is here the tempo of the scene slows, reflecting the delicacy and tenderness of the emotions exhibited by the couple, along with their twin narcissism. Romeo uses religious imagery for the second time in this scene when referring to Juliet, perhaps in an attempt to compare her with the most important thing in his world. He calls himself a pilgrim, and talks of her as a shrine, one that he has presented himself at for absolution, and in doing so elevates her to the same plane occupied by angels and saints, the most pure beings in his knowledge. .u2b71a9f92409a566d94da7e4b0ea5428 , .u2b71a9f92409a566d94da7e4b0ea5428 .postImageUrl , .u2b71a9f92409a566d94da7e4b0ea5428 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2b71a9f92409a566d94da7e4b0ea5428 , .u2b71a9f92409a566d94da7e4b0ea5428:hover , .u2b71a9f92409a566d94da7e4b0ea5428:visited , .u2b71a9f92409a566d94da7e4b0ea5428:active { border:0!important; } .u2b71a9f92409a566d94da7e4b0ea5428 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2b71a9f92409a566d94da7e4b0ea5428 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2b71a9f92409a566d94da7e4b0ea5428:active , .u2b71a9f92409a566d94da7e4b0ea5428:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2b71a9f92409a566d94da7e4b0ea5428 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2b71a9f92409a566d94da7e4b0ea5428 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2b71a9f92409a566d94da7e4b0ea5428 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2b71a9f92409a566d94da7e4b0ea5428 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2b71a9f92409a566d94da7e4b0ea5428:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2b71a9f92409a566d94da7e4b0ea5428 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2b71a9f92409a566d94da7e4b0ea5428 .u2b71a9f92409a566d94da7e4b0ea5428-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2b71a9f92409a566d94da7e4b0ea5428:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Grandparents and Unconditional Love EssayJuliet develops this religious theme in her responses, which take up half the sonnet for the first four lines, showing that she is Romeos equal in both intellect and social standing. This was quite uncommon in the Elizabethan era, as traditionally male sonnets silenced the female, reflecting the patriarchal nature of the times. That Juliet had such a significant share of the dialogue marked her as a powerful woman, and her fate was in keeping with the tradition of powerful women either dying or getting married at the end of a drama. The sonnet finally culminates in a visually powerful coup de grace: the famous first kiss. Romeo and Juliet immediately launch into another sonnet, but are ominously interrupted by the Nurse, a reminder to the audience that the romance will end in tragedy. The couple are forcibly broken from their trance, and the one perfect moment of the romance is broken, as Romeo and Juliet are parted, and their respective lineages discovered. Never again is the romance so perfect; the theme of untainted love has reached its apex. In conclusion, Shakespeare presents true love, as between Romeo and Juliet, as an overwhelming, bewildering and thoroughly compulsive experience, as opposed to the confined and orthodox role-play acted out by Romeo and Rosaline. Hatred is portrayed as Loves eternal nemesis: it is always hate in some form that disrupts the romance in this scene, violence that follows the lovers wherever they go, and hate that triggers the chain of events that concludes with double suicide.

Efficacy of the Duty Drawback Scheme Essay Example

Efficacy of the Duty Drawback Scheme Essay Table of Contents Contents Table of Contents1 Introduction2 Part I The Duty Drawback Scheme3 The Customs Act 19623 Part II Pros and Cons of the Scheme7 Pros7 Cons8 Part III Case Law8 Conclusion10 Bibliography12 Introduction With the primary objective of incentivizing exports, various schemes like Export Oriented Units (EOUs), Special Economic Zones (SEZs), Duty Exemption Entitlement Schemes (DEECs), Manufacture under Bond etc. have been made available by the government to obtain inputs without the payment of customs duty/excise duty or to obtain refund of duty paid on inputs. In case of central excise, manufacturers can avail Cenvat Credit of duty paid on inputs and utilize the same for payment of duty on other goods sold in India, or they can obtain refund. Schemes like manufacture under bond are also available for customs. On similar lines, manufacturers or processors can also avail of Duty Drawback Schemes. Here, the excise duty and customs duty paid on inputs is refunded to the exporter of finished product by way of ‘Duty Drawback’. Section 75 of Customs Act provides for drawback on materials used in manufacture or processing of export product. Under Duty Drawback Schemes, relief of customs and central excise duties suffered on the inputs used in the manufacture of export product is allowed to exporters. The admissible duty drawback amount is paid to exporters by depositing it into their nominated bank account. It may be noted that duty drawback under section 75 is granted when imported materials are used in the manufacture of goods which are then exported, while duty drawback under section 74 is applicable when imported goods are re-exported as it is and the article is easily identifiable. Section 37 of Central Excise Act allows he Central Government to frame rules for purpose of the Act. In exercise of these powers, The Customs and Central Excise Duties Drawback Rules, 1995 have been framed outlining the procedure to be followed for the purpose of grant of duty drawback by the Customs Authorities processing export documentation. In order to fulfill the objectives of this paper, the paper has been structures as follows. Fi rst, I have analysed the rationale behind a duty drawback scheme. Second, I have delved into the statutory provisions dealing with duty drawback schemes and relevant rules. Third, I have made a comparison of the pros and the cons of a duty drawback scheme and finally, I have observed certain principles that have been laid down through case law before making my concluding remarks. Part I The Duty Drawback Scheme Duty drawback schemes, which typically involve a combination of duty rebates and exemptions, are a feature of many countries’ trade regimes. They are used in highly protected, developing economies as means of providing exporters with imported inputs at world prices, and thus increasing their competitiveness, while maintaining the protection on the rest of the economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Efficacy of the Duty Drawback Scheme specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Efficacy of the Duty Drawback Scheme specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Efficacy of the Duty Drawback Scheme specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer An important principle in the levy of customs duty is that the goods should be consumed within the country of importation. If the goods are not so consumed, but are exported out of the country, the cost of export goods gets unduly escalated an account of incidence of customs duty. Therefore to avoid this escalation of price duty drawback schemes seek to remove the impact of customs duty on imported goods which are eventually exported. Eventual exportation may happen due to: A. Goods are sent back to a foreign country Due to non conformity with required specifications * Trade-restrictions in the country of import * Primary purpose of import was temporary retention B. Goods are used in the manufacture of other products meant for export The latest cause for relief of import duty paid is when the goods are ultimately exported. This factor gained greater importance with the establishment of 100% Export Oriented Units where goods manufactured are mainly exported to earn foreign exchange. T he Customs Act 1962 Chapter X of the Customs Act, 1962 deals with various aspects of the duty drawback scheme in India. Section 74 deals with goods which fall under Category A as described above and Section 75 deals with Category B. In case of goods which were earlier imported on payment of duty and are later sought to be re-exported within a specified period, customs duty paid at the time of import of the goods with certain cut can be claimed as duty drawback by the exporter at the time of export of such goods. Such duty drawback is granted in terms of Section 74 of the Customs Act, 1962 read with Re-export of Imported Goods (Drawback of Customs Duty) Rules, 1995. For this purpose, at the time of import, the identity particulars of the goods are recorded at the time of examination of import goods; at the time of export, cross verification of the goods under export is done with the help of related import documents to ascertain whether the goods under export are the very ones which were imported earlier. Where the goods are not put into use after import, 98% of duty drawback is admissible at the maximum under Section 74 of the Customs Act, 1962. In cases where the goods are put into use in India after import but prior to its export, duty drawback is granted on a sliding scale basis depending upon the extent of use of the goods. No duty drawback is available if the goods are put into use for a period exceeding 36 months after import. Application for duty drawback is required to be made within 3 months from the date of export of goods. If the primary elements of Section 74 as highlighted in the relevant footnote are satisfied, then the export goods are entitled to a payment of drawback of an amount equal to 98%. However, there are certain external factors which can affect the relevant conditions. As a corollary to this proposition, it would follow that the rate fixed by the Government would be applicable for a prescribed period only. If there is a) any variation in the rate of duty paid on the input whether customs or excise duty b) variation in the composition of the final product and c) change in the process of manufacture the rate of duty already fixed by the Government would not be applicable. It would require to be revised. The fixation of a rate of drawback is, therefore a continuous process and the industry availing of such facility of drawback is required to furnish continuously its costing and production data to the organization entrusted with the responsibility of fixation of rates of drawback. It will be noticed that in the case of drawback under section 74 the amount of drawback was related to the actual duty paid on the goods. It did not have any correlation to either the valuation of the goods at the time of exportation or the prevailing rates of duty on the goods at the time of export. However, in the case of section 75 drawbacks, since the identity of the inputs which have suffered customs or excise duty as the case may be, is extinguished in the final product, there has been a necessity to correlate the grant of drawback with the value of the goods exported. It has therefore been prescribed under proviso to section 75(1) of the Customs Act that no drawback of duty shall be allowed under this section if: * the export value of the finished goods or the class of goods is less than the value of the imported material used in the manufacture or processing of such goods or carrying out any operation on such goods or class of goods: or * the export value is not more than such percentage of the value of the imported materials used in 1he manufacture or processing of such goods or carrying out any operation on such goods or class of goods as may be notified by the Central Government; or * any drawback has been allowed on any goods and the sale proceeds in respect of such goods are not received by or on behalf of the exporter in India within the time allowed under the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA). In such a case, the drawback shall be deemed never to have been allowed and the Central Government may, by rules made under sub-section ( 2) specify the procedure for the recovery or adjustment of the amount of such drawback. Under Duty Drawback Scheme, an exporter can opt for either a) All Industry Rate (AIR) of Duty Drawback Scheme or b) Brand Rate of Duty Drawback Scheme Major portion of Duty Drawback is paid through AIR Duty Drawback Scheme which essentially attempts to compensate exporters of various export commodities for average incidence of Customs and Central Excise duties suffered on the inputs used in their manufacture. Brand rate of duty drawback is granted in terms of the Customs and Central Excise Duties Drawback Rules, 1995 in cases where the export product does not have any AIR or duty drawback rate, or where the AIR duty drawback rate notified is considered by the exporter insufficient to compensate for the Customs/Central Excise duties suffered on inputs used in the manufacture of export products. For goods having an AIR the brand rate facility to particular exporters is available only if it is established that the compensation by AIR is less than 80% of the actual duties suffered in the manufacture of the export goods. Part II Pros and Cons of the Scheme Pros The principal method of encouraging the export of goods has been the drawback of customs and the central excise duties on goods manufactured out of customs duty paid and/or central excise duty paid on inputs or raw materials. The Duty drawback schemes are used in highly protected economies as means to provide exporters of manufactured goods with imported inputs at world prices and thus increasing their profitability, while maintaining the protection for domestic industries that compete with imports. The choice of export drawbacks is reinforced by international regulations, namely that GATT rules out the use of direct export subsidies, but allows the use of drawbacks. If export was not there, there would be no manufacture of the goods now being manufactured. So there would be no duty collected also. Duty exemptions increase the competitiveness and efficiency of the economy. In the absence of duty drawbacks the protection of import competing firms is in general positive, while that of export competing firms is negative. This is because export competing firms face world prices while domestic competing firms are protected by tariffs on final goods. Duty drawbacks reduce the Effective Rates of Protection (ERPs) for export competing firms to 0 which allows export producers to operate at world prices, and halve the standard deviation in ERPs, which in turn increases the efficiency of the economy. Cons * A duty drawback scheme is an obvious and direct loss of government revenue * Creates opportunity for cheating and abuse * Absorbs administrative resources for its implementation * Drawbacks do not offset non-tariff barriers against imported inputs The implementation of Duty Drawback Programs in developing countries has not fared very well for various reasons such as * administrative weaknesses in customs administration, * poor statistical infrastructure, failure of the government to reimburse pre-paid duties because of financial difficulties Part III Case Law It is important to bear in mind the distinction between Section 74 and Section 75. Section 74 of the Customs Act comes into operation when articles are imported and there upon exported, such articles being easily identifiable. Section 75 on the other hand comes into operation when imported materials are used in the manufacture of goods which are exported. The Government of Andhra Pradesh floated an international tender for the transportation of a monolithic Buddha statue. The statue was required to be transported from Raigir, Nalgonda District, to the foreshore of Hussain Sagar Lake, Hyderabad, where it was to be installed. The transportation of this monolithic statue was a highly technical work and a special equipment for transportation as well as special lifting and erection equipment called Hydra-jack was required. This Hydra-jack was imported from a firm in Holland on hire. The equipment was imported on a customs clearance permit on an undertaking to export the equipment within a specified period. However, the job of installation of statue in the rock at the centre of the lake could not be completed as during transportation of the statue from the shore to the central rock, the statue sank in the lake. The Hydra-jack was therefore shipped back to the suppliers from whom it was hired. A claim for drawback under section 74 of Customs Act was made claiming drawback of 98% of the total duty paid in respect of the goods. The Assistant Commissioner however allowed drawback only at the rate of 85% of the total import duty paid. The question that needed to be determined is whether the drawback is to be granted at 98% or 85% as has been allowed by the department. The Delhi High Court held that the reduction in the rate of drawback was applicable in case where the goods had been used after importation and this reduction was sanctified in accordance with a notification issued under section 74 prescribing the rates of drawback admissible in case of goods used in India before their re- export. In deciding the matter, the court took a clear view that whether the jack in question was used or not is a question of fact. Since the statue did not reach the central rock where the statue had to be hoisted for installation, it is clear that the Hydra-jack could not be used in India. The Court held that in these circumstances, the drawback was admissible under section 74. In another famous case Commissioner of Customs Vs. India Steel Industries, it was held that rules of interpretation in tariff need not be extended to interpretation of classification under the Drawback Rules. In this case the contention was regarding schedule II to Customs and Central Excise Drawback Rules. Two entries which were under the scanner were entry 3606 and entry 3803 The issue was whether the words â€Å"all types† occurring in the entry against 3606 referred to â€Å"steel bars† alone or qualified the next nomenclature of â€Å"shaftings†. In the Customs Tariff, a clear distinction is made between bars and shaftings. The department argued that in the commercial parlance, bars were not known to be made up of stainless steel and shaftings did not come under the same category as bars. It was therefore, argued by the department that shafting would appropriately fall under the description of articles made of stainless steel including stainless steel castings. The Government of India held that the words â€Å"all types† did not refer to dimensional distinction alone but referred to the nature of the material used such as mild steel, carbon austenitic steel etc. It was further held that the rules of the interpretation of a tariff would not apply to rules of interpretation of the entries to the Schedule II to drawback rules, but they would have persuasive value. It was further held when two different descriptions or words are used, it would be necessary to give them the natural and separate meaning to make them meaningful. In LVT Products v. CC, it was held that there is no provision for refund of import duty, if imported goods are re-exported. The assessee can only claim duty drawback u/s 74. Conclusion While in many countries duty drawbacks have not been implemented successfully, largely due to administrative weaknesses, in others these schemes have been very effective in opening up export-oriented sectors by overriding existing protection. In China, duty exemptions at the point of entry have been an essential part of the country’s export processing system and trade reform process. As far as India is concerned, on a theoretical analysis as shown above it is evident that duty drawback schemes are an effective mechanism to encourage exporters to exports goods to foreign countries. Moreover, it also acts as an effective safeguard in cases where the exporter has to send back goods due to extraneous circumstances. From the standpoint of the State-Exporter relationship it is like a reward that that state is giving to the exporter for his contribution towards the increase in export. As pointed out earlier, if imported goods are not consumed, but are exported out of the country, the cost of export goods gets unduly escalated an account of incidence of customs duty. Therefore to avoid this escalation of price duty drawback schemes seek to remove the impact of customs duty on imported goods which are eventually exported. To conclude it can be said that keeping aside the administrative hiccups in making the implementation of duty drawback schemes effective, it would not be wrong to say that these schemes can and have shown tremendous potential to enhance exports. Bibliography BOOKS 1. B. Seyoum, Export-Import Theory, Practice, and Procedures (2nd Edn. , London: Routledge, 2009) 2. B. N. Gururaj, Guide to Customs Act (1st edn. , Nagpur: Wadhwa Publications, 2003) 3. R. K. Jain, Central Customs Law Manual (43rd edn. , New Delhi: Centax Publications, 2011) 4. R. K. Jain, Central Excise Law Manual (53rd edn. , New Delhi: Centax Publications, 2011) ARTICLES 1. A. Panagariya, â€Å"Input tariffs, duty drawbacks, and tariff reforms†, 32(1-2) Journal of International Economics, 131-147 (1992). 2. E. Ianchovichina, â€Å"Trade policy analysis in the presence of duty drawbacks†, 26(3) Journal of Policy Modelling, 353-371 (2004). 3. R. Wade, â€Å"How to Protect Exports from Protection: Taiwans Duty Drawback Scheme†, 14(3) The World Economy, 299-309 (1991). 4. T. P. Harrison, â€Å"Principles for the Strategic Design of Supply Chains†, 62(1) International Series in Operations Research ; Management Science, 3-12 (2004). 5. H. C. Oh and I. A. Karimi, â€Å"Global multiproduct production– Distribution planning with duty drawbacks†, 52(2) American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal, 595-610 (2006). 6. M. Olarreaga, O. Cadot et al. , â€Å"Can Duty Drawbacks Have a Protectionist Bias? † World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2523 (2001). WEBSITES 1. www. indlaw. com 2. www. jstor. com 3. www. manupatra. com 4. www. taxindiaonline. com 5. www. web. worldbank. org [ 2 ]. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, Duty Drawbacks sourced from http://220. 227. 161. 86/18917sm_finalnew_idtl_customs_cp11. pdf (December 5, 2011). [ 3 ]. DRAWBACK scheme [ 4 ]. The rules govern the drawback in cases of export of imported goods as it is and also in cases where the goods imported are used as inputs for producing a final product which is ultimately exported. [ 5 ]. Sourced from, http://www. taxindiaonline. com/RC2/pdfdocs/cm/cm22a. pdf (December 5, 2011). [ 6 ]. E. Ianchovichina, â€Å"Trade policy analysis in the presence of duty drawbacks†, 26(3) Journal of Policy Modelling, 353-371 (2004) at 355. [ 7 ]. SECTION 74: Drawback allowable on re-export of duty-paid goods. 1) When any goods capable of being easily identified which have been imported into India and upon which [any duty has been paid on importation, i. are entered for export and the proper officer makes an order permitting clearance and loading of the goods for exportation under section 51; or ii. are to be exported as baggage and the owner of such baggage, for the purpose of clearing it, makes a declaration of its contents to the proper officer under section 77 (which declaration shall be deemed to be an entry for export for the purposes of this section) and such officer makes an order permitting clearance of the goods for exportation; or iii. re entered for export by post under section 82 and the proper officer makes an order permitting clearance of the goods for exportation, ninety-eight per cent of such duty shall, except as otherwise hereinafter provided, be re-paid as drawback, if -] a. the goods are identified to the satisfaction of the [Assistant Commissioner of Customs or Deputy Commissioner of Customs] as the goods which were imported; and b. the goods are entered for export within two years from the date of payment of duty on the importation thereof : Provided that in any particular case the aforesaid period of two years may, on sufficient cause being s hown, be extended by the Board by such further period as it may deem fit. 2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), the rate of drawback in the case of goods which have been used after the importation thereof shall be such as the Central Government, having regard to the duration of use, depreciation in value and other relevant circumstances, may, by notification in the Official Gazette, fix. [(3) The Central Government may make rules for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this section and, in particular, such rules may — a. provide for the manner in which the identity of goods imported in different consignments which are ordinarily stored together in bulk, may be established; b. specify the goods which shall be deemed to be not capable of being easily identified; and c. provide for the manner and the time within which a claim for payment of drawback is to be filed. ] (4) For the purposes of this section a. oods shall be deemed to have been entered for export on the date with reference to which the rate of duty is calculated under section 16; b. in the case of goods assessed to duty provisionally under section 18, the date of payment of the provisional duty shall be deemed to be the date of payment of duty. [ 8 ]. SECTION 75: Drawback on imported materials used in the manufacture of goods which are exported (1) Where it appears to the Central Government that in respect of goods of any class or description [manufactured, processed or on which any operation has been carried out in India] [, being goods which have been entered for export and in respect of which an order permitting the clearance and loading hereof for exportation has been made under section 51 by the proper officer,] [or being goods entered for export by post under section 82 and in respect of which an order permitting clearance for exportation has been made by the proper officer], a drawback should be allowed of duties of customs chargeable under this Act on any imported materials of a class or description used in the [manufacture or processing of such goods or carrying out any operation on such goods], the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, direct that drawback shall be allowed in respect of such goods in accordance with, and subject to, the rules made under sub-section (2). Provided that no drawback shall be allowed under this sub-section in respect of any of the aforesaid goods which the Central Government may, by rules made under sub-section (2), specify, if the export value of such goods or class of goods is less than the value of the imported materials used in the [manufacture or processing of such goods or carrying out any operation on such goods] or class of goods, or is not more than such percentage of the value of the imported materials used in the [manufacture or processing of such goods or carrying out any operation on such goods] or class of goods as the Central Government may, by notification in t he Official Gazette, specify in this behalf : Provided further that where any drawback has been allowed on any goods under this sub-section and the sale proceeds in respect of such goods are not received by or on behalf of the exporter in India within the time allowed under the [Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (42 of 1999)], such drawback shall be deemed never to have been allowed and the Central Government may, by rules made under sub-section (2), specify the procedure for the recovery or adjustment of the amount of such drawback. ] (1A) Where it appears to the Central Government that the quantity of a particular material imported into India is more than the total quantity of like material that has been used in the goods [manufactured, processed or on which any operation has been carried out in India] and exported outside India, then, the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, declare that so much of the material as is contained in the goods exported shall, for the purpose of sub-section (1), be deemed to be imported material. ] (2) The Central Government may make rules for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of sub-section (1) and, in particular, such rules may provide – a. for the payment of drawback equal to the amount of duty actually paid on the imported materials used in the manufacture or processing of the goods or carrying out any operation on the goods or as is specified in the rules as the average amount of duty paid on the materials of that class or description used in the manufacture or processing of export goods or carrying out any operation on export goods of that class or description either by manufacturers generally or by persons processing or carrying on any operation generally or by any particular manufacturer or particular person carrying on any process or other operation, and interest if any payable thereon;] aa. for specifying the goods in respect of which no drawback shall be allowed; ab. for specifying the procedure for recovery or adjustment of the amount of any drawback which had been allowed under sub-section (1) [or interest chargeable thereon]; b. for the production of such certificates, documents and other evidence in support of each claim of drawback as may be necessary; c. or requiring the [manufacturer or the person carrying on any process or other operation] to give access to every part of his manufactory to any officer of customs specially authorised in this behalf by the [Assistant Commissioner of Customs or Deputy Commissioner of Customs] to enable such authorised officer to inspect the processes of [manufacture, process or any other operation carried out] and to verify by actual check or otherwise the statements made in support of the claim for drawback. d. for the manner and the time within which the claim for payment of drawback may be filed;] [(3) The power to make rules conferred by sub-section (2) shall include the power to give drawback with retrosp ective effect from a date not earlier than the date of changes in the rates of duty on inputs used in the export goods. ] [ 9 ]. A. Panagariya, â€Å"Input tariffs, duty drawbacks, and tariff reforms†, 32(1) Journal of International Economics, 131-147 (1992) at 137. [ 10 ]. See Generally, Supra, note 8. [ 11 ]. Supra note1. [ 12 ]. Supra note 4. [ 13 ]. Rules 6 7, The Customs and Central Excise Duties Drawback Rules, 1995. [ 14 ]. Supra note 4. [ 15 ]. Sourced from, http://web. worldbank. org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/TRADE/0,,contentMDK:20540524~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:239071,00. html (December 12, 2011). [ 16 ]. Supra note 5, at 357. [ 17 ]. ABC India Ltd. v. UOI 1992(61) ELT 205 (Del HC). [ 18 ]. Supra note 1. [ 19 ]. All type of bright steel bars and shaftings Rs. 395/- PMT [ 20 ]. Articles made of stainless steel including stainless Rs . 890/- PMT steel castings, not otherwise specified, made of austenitic variety of stainless steel [ 21 ]. 1998(103) ELT 663 (CEGAT). Efficacy of the Duty Drawback Scheme Essay Example Efficacy of the Duty Drawback Scheme Essay Table of Contents Contents Table of Contents1 Introduction2 Part I The Duty Drawback Scheme3 The Customs Act 19623 Part II Pros and Cons of the Scheme7 Pros7 Cons8 Part III Case Law8 Conclusion10 Bibliography12 Introduction With the primary objective of incentivizing exports, various schemes like Export Oriented Units (EOUs), Special Economic Zones (SEZs), Duty Exemption Entitlement Schemes (DEECs), Manufacture under Bond etc. have been made available by the government to obtain inputs without the payment of customs duty/excise duty or to obtain refund of duty paid on inputs. In case of central excise, manufacturers can avail Cenvat Credit of duty paid on inputs and utilize the same for payment of duty on other goods sold in India, or they can obtain refund. Schemes like manufacture under bond are also available for customs. On similar lines, manufacturers or processors can also avail of Duty Drawback Schemes. Here, the excise duty and customs duty paid on inputs is refunded to the exporter of finished product by way of ‘Duty Drawback’. Section 75 of Customs Act provides for drawback on materials used in manufacture or processing of export product. Under Duty Drawback Schemes, relief of customs and central excise duties suffered on the inputs used in the manufacture of export product is allowed to exporters. The admissible duty drawback amount is paid to exporters by depositing it into their nominated bank account. It may be noted that duty drawback under section 75 is granted when imported materials are used in the manufacture of goods which are then exported, while duty drawback under section 74 is applicable when imported goods are re-exported as it is and the article is easily identifiable. Section 37 of Central Excise Act allows he Central Government to frame rules for purpose of the Act. In exercise of these powers, The Customs and Central Excise Duties Drawback Rules, 1995 have been framed outlining the procedure to be followed for the purpose of grant of duty drawback by the Customs Authorities processing export documentation. In order to fulfill the objectives of this paper, the paper has been structures as follows. Fi rst, I have analysed the rationale behind a duty drawback scheme. Second, I have delved into the statutory provisions dealing with duty drawback schemes and relevant rules. Third, I have made a comparison of the pros and the cons of a duty drawback scheme and finally, I have observed certain principles that have been laid down through case law before making my concluding remarks. Part I The Duty Drawback Scheme Duty drawback schemes, which typically involve a combination of duty rebates and exemptions, are a feature of many countries’ trade regimes. They are used in highly protected, developing economies as means of providing exporters with imported inputs at world prices, and thus increasing their competitiveness, while maintaining the protection on the rest of the economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Efficacy of the Duty Drawback Scheme specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Efficacy of the Duty Drawback Scheme specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Efficacy of the Duty Drawback Scheme specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer An important principle in the levy of customs duty is that the goods should be consumed within the country of importation. If the goods are not so consumed, but are exported out of the country, the cost of export goods gets unduly escalated an account of incidence of customs duty. Therefore to avoid this escalation of price duty drawback schemes seek to remove the impact of customs duty on imported goods which are eventually exported. Eventual exportation may happen due to: A. Goods are sent back to a foreign country Due to non conformity with required specifications * Trade-restrictions in the country of import * Primary purpose of import was temporary retention B. Goods are used in the manufacture of other products meant for export The latest cause for relief of import duty paid is when the goods are ultimately exported. This factor gained greater importance with the establishment of 100% Export Oriented Units where goods manufactured are mainly exported to earn foreign exchange. T he Customs Act 1962 Chapter X of the Customs Act, 1962 deals with various aspects of the duty drawback scheme in India. Section 74 deals with goods which fall under Category A as described above and Section 75 deals with Category B. In case of goods which were earlier imported on payment of duty and are later sought to be re-exported within a specified period, customs duty paid at the time of import of the goods with certain cut can be claimed as duty drawback by the exporter at the time of export of such goods. Such duty drawback is granted in terms of Section 74 of the Customs Act, 1962 read with Re-export of Imported Goods (Drawback of Customs Duty) Rules, 1995. For this purpose, at the time of import, the identity particulars of the goods are recorded at the time of examination of import goods; at the time of export, cross verification of the goods under export is done with the help of related import documents to ascertain whether the goods under export are the very ones which were imported earlier. Where the goods are not put into use after import, 98% of duty drawback is admissible at the maximum under Section 74 of the Customs Act, 1962. In cases where the goods are put into use in India after import but prior to its export, duty drawback is granted on a sliding scale basis depending upon the extent of use of the goods. No duty drawback is available if the goods are put into use for a period exceeding 36 months after import. Application for duty drawback is required to be made within 3 months from the date of export of goods. If the primary elements of Section 74 as highlighted in the relevant footnote are satisfied, then the export goods are entitled to a payment of drawback of an amount equal to 98%. However, there are certain external factors which can affect the relevant conditions. As a corollary to this proposition, it would follow that the rate fixed by the Government would be applicable for a prescribed period only. If there is a) any variation in the rate of duty paid on the input whether customs or excise duty b) variation in the composition of the final product and c) change in the process of manufacture the rate of duty already fixed by the Government would not be applicable. It would require to be revised. The fixation of a rate of drawback is, therefore a continuous process and the industry availing of such facility of drawback is required to furnish continuously its costing and production data to the organization entrusted with the responsibility of fixation of rates of drawback. It will be noticed that in the case of drawback under section 74 the amount of drawback was related to the actual duty paid on the goods. It did not have any correlation to either the valuation of the goods at the time of exportation or the prevailing rates of duty on the goods at the time of export. However, in the case of section 75 drawbacks, since the identity of the inputs which have suffered customs or excise duty as the case may be, is extinguished in the final product, there has been a necessity to correlate the grant of drawback with the value of the goods exported. It has therefore been prescribed under proviso to section 75(1) of the Customs Act that no drawback of duty shall be allowed under this section if: * the export value of the finished goods or the class of goods is less than the value of the imported material used in the manufacture or processing of such goods or carrying out any operation on such goods or class of goods: or * the export value is not more than such percentage of the value of the imported materials used in 1he manufacture or processing of such goods or carrying out any operation on such goods or class of goods as may be notified by the Central Government; or * any drawback has been allowed on any goods and the sale proceeds in respect of such goods are not received by or on behalf of the exporter in India within the time allowed under the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA). In such a case, the drawback shall be deemed never to have been allowed and the Central Government may, by rules made under sub-section ( 2) specify the procedure for the recovery or adjustment of the amount of such drawback. Under Duty Drawback Scheme, an exporter can opt for either a) All Industry Rate (AIR) of Duty Drawback Scheme or b) Brand Rate of Duty Drawback Scheme Major portion of Duty Drawback is paid through AIR Duty Drawback Scheme which essentially attempts to compensate exporters of various export commodities for average incidence of Customs and Central Excise duties suffered on the inputs used in their manufacture. Brand rate of duty drawback is granted in terms of the Customs and Central Excise Duties Drawback Rules, 1995 in cases where the export product does not have any AIR or duty drawback rate, or where the AIR duty drawback rate notified is considered by the exporter insufficient to compensate for the Customs/Central Excise duties suffered on inputs used in the manufacture of export products. For goods having an AIR the brand rate facility to particular exporters is available only if it is established that the compensation by AIR is less than 80% of the actual duties suffered in the manufacture of the export goods. Part II Pros and Cons of the Scheme Pros The principal method of encouraging the export of goods has been the drawback of customs and the central excise duties on goods manufactured out of customs duty paid and/or central excise duty paid on inputs or raw materials. The Duty drawback schemes are used in highly protected economies as means to provide exporters of manufactured goods with imported inputs at world prices and thus increasing their profitability, while maintaining the protection for domestic industries that compete with imports. The choice of export drawbacks is reinforced by international regulations, namely that GATT rules out the use of direct export subsidies, but allows the use of drawbacks. If export was not there, there would be no manufacture of the goods now being manufactured. So there would be no duty collected also. Duty exemptions increase the competitiveness and efficiency of the economy. In the absence of duty drawbacks the protection of import competing firms is in general positive, while that of export competing firms is negative. This is because export competing firms face world prices while domestic competing firms are protected by tariffs on final goods. Duty drawbacks reduce the Effective Rates of Protection (ERPs) for export competing firms to 0 which allows export producers to operate at world prices, and halve the standard deviation in ERPs, which in turn increases the efficiency of the economy. Cons * A duty drawback scheme is an obvious and direct loss of government revenue * Creates opportunity for cheating and abuse * Absorbs administrative resources for its implementation * Drawbacks do not offset non-tariff barriers against imported inputs The implementation of Duty Drawback Programs in developing countries has not fared very well for various reasons such as * administrative weaknesses in customs administration, * poor statistical infrastructure, failure of the government to reimburse pre-paid duties because of financial difficulties Part III Case Law It is important to bear in mind the distinction between Section 74 and Section 75. Section 74 of the Customs Act comes into operation when articles are imported and there upon exported, such articles being easily identifiable. Section 75 on the other hand comes into operation when imported materials are used in the manufacture of goods which are exported. The Government of Andhra Pradesh floated an international tender for the transportation of a monolithic Buddha statue. The statue was required to be transported from Raigir, Nalgonda District, to the foreshore of Hussain Sagar Lake, Hyderabad, where it was to be installed. The transportation of this monolithic statue was a highly technical work and a special equipment for transportation as well as special lifting and erection equipment called Hydra-jack was required. This Hydra-jack was imported from a firm in Holland on hire. The equipment was imported on a customs clearance permit on an undertaking to export the equipment within a specified period. However, the job of installation of statue in the rock at the centre of the lake could not be completed as during transportation of the statue from the shore to the central rock, the statue sank in the lake. The Hydra-jack was therefore shipped back to the suppliers from whom it was hired. A claim for drawback under section 74 of Customs Act was made claiming drawback of 98% of the total duty paid in respect of the goods. The Assistant Commissioner however allowed drawback only at the rate of 85% of the total import duty paid. The question that needed to be determined is whether the drawback is to be granted at 98% or 85% as has been allowed by the department. The Delhi High Court held that the reduction in the rate of drawback was applicable in case where the goods had been used after importation and this reduction was sanctified in accordance with a notification issued under section 74 prescribing the rates of drawback admissible in case of goods used in India before their re- export. In deciding the matter, the court took a clear view that whether the jack in question was used or not is a question of fact. Since the statue did not reach the central rock where the statue had to be hoisted for installation, it is clear that the Hydra-jack could not be used in India. The Court held that in these circumstances, the drawback was admissible under section 74. In another famous case Commissioner of Customs Vs. India Steel Industries, it was held that rules of interpretation in tariff need not be extended to interpretation of classification under the Drawback Rules. In this case the contention was regarding schedule II to Customs and Central Excise Drawback Rules. Two entries which were under the scanner were entry 3606 and entry 3803 The issue was whether the words â€Å"all types† occurring in the entry against 3606 referred to â€Å"steel bars† alone or qualified the next nomenclature of â€Å"shaftings†. In the Customs Tariff, a clear distinction is made between bars and shaftings. The department argued that in the commercial parlance, bars were not known to be made up of stainless steel and shaftings did not come under the same category as bars. It was therefore, argued by the department that shafting would appropriately fall under the description of articles made of stainless steel including stainless steel castings. The Government of India held that the words â€Å"all types† did not refer to dimensional distinction alone but referred to the nature of the material used such as mild steel, carbon austenitic steel etc. It was further held that the rules of the interpretation of a tariff would not apply to rules of interpretation of the entries to the Schedule II to drawback rules, but they would have persuasive value. It was further held when two different descriptions or words are used, it would be necessary to give them the natural and separate meaning to make them meaningful. In LVT Products v. CC, it was held that there is no provision for refund of import duty, if imported goods are re-exported. The assessee can only claim duty drawback u/s 74. Conclusion While in many countries duty drawbacks have not been implemented successfully, largely due to administrative weaknesses, in others these schemes have been very effective in opening up export-oriented sectors by overriding existing protection. In China, duty exemptions at the point of entry have been an essential part of the country’s export processing system and trade reform process. As far as India is concerned, on a theoretical analysis as shown above it is evident that duty drawback schemes are an effective mechanism to encourage exporters to exports goods to foreign countries. Moreover, it also acts as an effective safeguard in cases where the exporter has to send back goods due to extraneous circumstances. From the standpoint of the State-Exporter relationship it is like a reward that that state is giving to the exporter for his contribution towards the increase in export. As pointed out earlier, if imported goods are not consumed, but are exported out of the country, the cost of export goods gets unduly escalated an account of incidence of customs duty. Therefore to avoid this escalation of price duty drawback schemes seek to remove the impact of customs duty on imported goods which are eventually exported. To conclude it can be said that keeping aside the administrative hiccups in making the implementation of duty drawback schemes effective, it would not be wrong to say that these schemes can and have shown tremendous potential to enhance exports. Bibliography BOOKS 1. B. Seyoum, Export-Import Theory, Practice, and Procedures (2nd Edn. , London: Routledge, 2009) 2. B. N. Gururaj, Guide to Customs Act (1st edn. , Nagpur: Wadhwa Publications, 2003) 3. R. K. Jain, Central Customs Law Manual (43rd edn. , New Delhi: Centax Publications, 2011) 4. R. K. Jain, Central Excise Law Manual (53rd edn. , New Delhi: Centax Publications, 2011) ARTICLES 1. A. Panagariya, â€Å"Input tariffs, duty drawbacks, and tariff reforms†, 32(1-2) Journal of International Economics, 131-147 (1992). 2. E. Ianchovichina, â€Å"Trade policy analysis in the presence of duty drawbacks†, 26(3) Journal of Policy Modelling, 353-371 (2004). 3. R. Wade, â€Å"How to Protect Exports from Protection: Taiwans Duty Drawback Scheme†, 14(3) The World Economy, 299-309 (1991). 4. T. P. Harrison, â€Å"Principles for the Strategic Design of Supply Chains†, 62(1) International Series in Operations Research ; Management Science, 3-12 (2004). 5. H. C. Oh and I. A. Karimi, â€Å"Global multiproduct production– Distribution planning with duty drawbacks†, 52(2) American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal, 595-610 (2006). 6. M. Olarreaga, O. Cadot et al. , â€Å"Can Duty Drawbacks Have a Protectionist Bias? † World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2523 (2001). WEBSITES 1. www. indlaw. com 2. www. jstor. com 3. www. manupatra. com 4. www. taxindiaonline. com 5. www. web. worldbank. org [ 2 ]. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, Duty Drawbacks sourced from http://220. 227. 161. 86/18917sm_finalnew_idtl_customs_cp11. pdf (December 5, 2011). [ 3 ]. DRAWBACK scheme [ 4 ]. The rules govern the drawback in cases of export of imported goods as it is and also in cases where the goods imported are used as inputs for producing a final product which is ultimately exported. [ 5 ]. Sourced from, http://www. taxindiaonline. com/RC2/pdfdocs/cm/cm22a. pdf (December 5, 2011). [ 6 ]. E. Ianchovichina, â€Å"Trade policy analysis in the presence of duty drawbacks†, 26(3) Journal of Policy Modelling, 353-371 (2004) at 355. [ 7 ]. SECTION 74: Drawback allowable on re-export of duty-paid goods. 1) When any goods capable of being easily identified which have been imported into India and upon which [any duty has been paid on importation, i. are entered for export and the proper officer makes an order permitting clearance and loading of the goods for exportation under section 51; or ii. are to be exported as baggage and the owner of such baggage, for the purpose of clearing it, makes a declaration of its contents to the proper officer under section 77 (which declaration shall be deemed to be an entry for export for the purposes of this section) and such officer makes an order permitting clearance of the goods for exportation; or iii. re entered for export by post under section 82 and the proper officer makes an order permitting clearance of the goods for exportation, ninety-eight per cent of such duty shall, except as otherwise hereinafter provided, be re-paid as drawback, if -] a. the goods are identified to the satisfaction of the [Assistant Commissioner of Customs or Deputy Commissioner of Customs] as the goods which were imported; and b. the goods are entered for export within two years from the date of payment of duty on the importation thereof : Provided that in any particular case the aforesaid period of two years may, on sufficient cause being s hown, be extended by the Board by such further period as it may deem fit. 2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), the rate of drawback in the case of goods which have been used after the importation thereof shall be such as the Central Government, having regard to the duration of use, depreciation in value and other relevant circumstances, may, by notification in the Official Gazette, fix. [(3) The Central Government may make rules for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this section and, in particular, such rules may — a. provide for the manner in which the identity of goods imported in different consignments which are ordinarily stored together in bulk, may be established; b. specify the goods which shall be deemed to be not capable of being easily identified; and c. provide for the manner and the time within which a claim for payment of drawback is to be filed. ] (4) For the purposes of this section a. oods shall be deemed to have been entered for export on the date with reference to which the rate of duty is calculated under section 16; b. in the case of goods assessed to duty provisionally under section 18, the date of payment of the provisional duty shall be deemed to be the date of payment of duty. [ 8 ]. SECTION 75: Drawback on imported materials used in the manufacture of goods which are exported (1) Where it appears to the Central Government that in respect of goods of any class or description [manufactured, processed or on which any operation has been carried out in India] [, being goods which have been entered for export and in respect of which an order permitting the clearance and loading hereof for exportation has been made under section 51 by the proper officer,] [or being goods entered for export by post under section 82 and in respect of which an order permitting clearance for exportation has been made by the proper officer], a drawback should be allowed of duties of customs chargeable under this Act on any imported materials of a class or description used in the [manufacture or processing of such goods or carrying out any operation on such goods], the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, direct that drawback shall be allowed in respect of such goods in accordance with, and subject to, the rules made under sub-section (2). Provided that no drawback shall be allowed under this sub-section in respect of any of the aforesaid goods which the Central Government may, by rules made under sub-section (2), specify, if the export value of such goods or class of goods is less than the value of the imported materials used in the [manufacture or processing of such goods or carrying out any operation on such goods] or class of goods, or is not more than such percentage of the value of the imported materials used in the [manufacture or processing of such goods or carrying out any operation on such goods] or class of goods as the Central Government may, by notification in t he Official Gazette, specify in this behalf : Provided further that where any drawback has been allowed on any goods under this sub-section and the sale proceeds in respect of such goods are not received by or on behalf of the exporter in India within the time allowed under the [Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (42 of 1999)], such drawback shall be deemed never to have been allowed and the Central Government may, by rules made under sub-section (2), specify the procedure for the recovery or adjustment of the amount of such drawback. ] (1A) Where it appears to the Central Government that the quantity of a particular material imported into India is more than the total quantity of like material that has been used in the goods [manufactured, processed or on which any operation has been carried out in India] and exported outside India, then, the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, declare that so much of the material as is contained in the goods exported shall, for the purpose of sub-section (1), be deemed to be imported material. ] (2) The Central Government may make rules for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of sub-section (1) and, in particular, such rules may provide – a. for the payment of drawback equal to the amount of duty actually paid on the imported materials used in the manufacture or processing of the goods or carrying out any operation on the goods or as is specified in the rules as the average amount of duty paid on the materials of that class or description used in the manufacture or processing of export goods or carrying out any operation on export goods of that class or description either by manufacturers generally or by persons processing or carrying on any operation generally or by any particular manufacturer or particular person carrying on any process or other operation, and interest if any payable thereon;] aa. for specifying the goods in respect of which no drawback shall be allowed; ab. for specifying the procedure for recovery or adjustment of the amount of any drawback which had been allowed under sub-section (1) [or interest chargeable thereon]; b. for the production of such certificates, documents and other evidence in support of each claim of drawback as may be necessary; c. or requiring the [manufacturer or the person carrying on any process or other operation] to give access to every part of his manufactory to any officer of customs specially authorised in this behalf by the [Assistant Commissioner of Customs or Deputy Commissioner of Customs] to enable such authorised officer to inspect the processes of [manufacture, process or any other operation carried out] and to verify by actual check or otherwise the statements made in support of the claim for drawback. d. for the manner and the time within which the claim for payment of drawback may be filed;] [(3) The power to make rules conferred by sub-section (2) shall include the power to give drawback with retrosp ective effect from a date not earlier than the date of changes in the rates of duty on inputs used in the export goods. ] [ 9 ]. A. Panagariya, â€Å"Input tariffs, duty drawbacks, and tariff reforms†, 32(1) Journal of International Economics, 131-147 (1992) at 137. [ 10 ]. See Generally, Supra, note 8. [ 11 ]. Supra note1. [ 12 ]. Supra note 4. [ 13 ]. Rules 6 7, The Customs and Central Excise Duties Drawback Rules, 1995. [ 14 ]. Supra note 4. [ 15 ]. Sourced from, http://web. worldbank. org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/TRADE/0,,contentMDK:20540524~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:239071,00. html (December 12, 2011). [ 16 ]. Supra note 5, at 357. [ 17 ]. ABC India Ltd. v. UOI 1992(61) ELT 205 (Del HC). [ 18 ]. Supra note 1. [ 19 ]. All type of bright steel bars and shaftings Rs. 395/- PMT [ 20 ]. Articles made of stainless steel including stainless Rs . 890/- PMT steel castings, not otherwise specified, made of austenitic variety of stainless steel [ 21 ]. 1998(103) ELT 663 (CEGAT).

Factual Questions in ACT Science How to Read Graphs, Tables, and Data

Factual Questions in ACT Science How to Read Graphs, Tables, and Data SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Reading graphs is like reading in a foreign language. It comes easy to some and is very difficult for others.If you struggle tounderstand graph, tables, and other visuals for ACT Science questions, this article containing tips, strategies, and practice questions is perfect for you. If you're a â€Å"fluent† pro, this article will be a good review to make sure your skills are on point.Even if you are a pro, the ACT Science section often tests the basic skill of reading visuals in new and challenging ways, so this article will make sure you have strategies forboth easy and hard questions. Here is an overview of what we'll cover in this guide: Understanding the core elements of a graph The importance of labels How to use axes What to do with units of measure Mastering the different types of graphs on the ACT Science section Reading bar graphs Analyzing scatter plots Using line graphs Pulling data from tables Deciphering tricky graphs Reading Graphs and Other Visuals Is the Key to Success on the ACT Science Section Factual Questions Ask You to Evaluate Visuals and Just Relay Information. These questions simply ask you to relay factual information that is presented in the passage.To answer these questions, you need to read the graphs, tables, and/or scatterplots. For the simplest type of ACT Science practice questions that we'll be covering here, you'll need to pull out specific data points without further calculation/inferences. These Types of Questions Are Typically Found in Data Representation Passages. These passages are similar to those found in science journals and text.They present you with a short paragraph or two as well as 1-4 visual representations of data (such as graphs, tables, and/or scatterplots). The passages will mention specific studies and label sections as Study 1/2/3.Each Data Representation Passage has 5 questions, often using the skills we'll be covering here. If you want to learn more about the types of passages and questions on the ACT Science section, check out our article on the 3 Types of ACT Science Passages. In the PrepScholar ACT Program, we categorize the questions for Data Representation into 3 categories (not everyone categorizes them the same way). Factual questions or â€Å"pure data† questions is one of the three types. Here is a sample Data Representation Passage from an ACT practice test: Here is an example of a factual question from the above passage: There may be more advanced versions of these questions in which you are asked to look at a weird graph. Such as this one: Does this graph look crazy to you? Don’t fret! You will master this crazy graph and all others by the end of this article. Core Elements of a Graph Let's start off with basic ACT Science tips about the basic components of graphs, and strategies on how to interpret them. The Importance of Labels Labels are SUPER IMPORTANT on the ACT Science section.Each visual is labeled with Figure plus a number. So if there are 3 visuals, they will be labeled Figure 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3.See below: Why are they labeled?So you will refer to the correct one (though many students still don’t look at the right visual). The question will often specifically tell you which figure to look at such as this one: In Figure 2, what percent of captured finches from Island C had a 10 mm beak depth? To correctly answer this question, you need to check the labels and make sure you look at Figure 2.Then, identify the graph that shows the finches from Island C.In this case, you need to use the bottom graph.I see the beak depth is along the x-axis.At 10 mm beak depth, I follow the bar up and see it is just short of 35%, so probably about 34%. The first step in most ACT Science questions is to read the label, and if you get this step wrong, you will get the answer wrong.So make sure you check the label to ensure you are looking at the correct visual for the question. How to Use Axes Axes are the lines at the side(s) and bottom of a graph.Axes are useful to figure out the control and the variable(s) in the experiment.I will go into detail on this topic in the examples below. Graphs by definition have an x-axis and y-axis. The x-axis is the horizontal line (typically at the bottom of the graph).The y-axis is the vertical line (typically on the left side of the graph, though more challenging graphs on the ACT Science will have one on the left and one on the right). Let’s take a look at this simple graph for practice: In this graph, the x-axis doesn't measure anything (it only lists animals).In this graph, the y-axis measures the animals’ weights.The animals’ weights would be considered the variable in the research.The researchers did not know what the weights would be exactly until they measured the weights.We can use this graph to compare the 4 elements of only one data set: the weights of animals. If the passage had asked you, What isthe weight of a dog? First, we need to find dog on the axis that defines the type of animal, which is the x-axis. Next, we look on the y-axis for the value of the dog's weight and see that it reads 10 kg. Now, for practice, let’s take a look at a slightly more complicated scatterplot with measurements on both axes: In this graph, the x-axis measures the distance from the center of the plot to the nearest clearing.In this graph, the y-axis measures the average change in AGTB (it is not important to understand what AGTB is). The average change in AGTB would be considered the "dependent variable" in the research.The researchers did not know what the average change in AGTB would be exactly until they measured it.We can use this graph to compare the distance from the center of the plot to the nearest clearing TO the average change in AGTB. If the passage had asked you, What is theaverage change in AGTB at a distance of 50 m from the center of the plot to the nearest clearing? To do so, we first need to find 50 on the axis that defines the distance from the center of the plot to the nearest clearing, which is the x-axis. Next, we look on the y-axis for the value of the average change in AGTB and see that it reads 5 t/yr. We will evaluate this graph further in the next portion: What to Do With Units of Measure On graphs on the ACT Science section, they will present units of measure for each axis next to the label. Don't try to understand what the units mean.The ACT Science section throws in these crazy, weird units that you won’t have seen unless you studied very high-level Physics or Chemistry.You do not need to know exactly what they referto in order to answer the questions.Take for example the graph we just discussed: While you probably know that m is meters, you may be unfamiliar with t/yr, yet you had no problem answering the question above.For the ACT Science section, when the units are listed in the answer choice, they match up to the units shown in one of the visuals or mentioned in the passage (such as in the example above).So, there is no need to dwell on them or stress over them. In all of the practice sections I’ve ever done or that I’ve ever seen or given to students, I have NEVER seen an ACT Science question ask you to convert the units from one form of measure to another.You most likely were taught this in Math and/or Science classes.Set those skills aside.You do not need them for this test. Why do the ACT makers include these units if you don’t need them?To make the graph more challenging or to test your ability to sort information that you may not know. Ignore what you don’t need and find the information to answer the question.Focus on what you can identify, which lead us to our next topic: The Different Types of Graphs The ACT will show you a variety of graphs. Most of these are predictable. The hardest graphs are graphs that you will never have seen before and have to interpret on the fly. Thankfully, with the clear step by step structure I present below, you'll be able to tackle even the hardest graphs. Bar Graph Bar graphs tend to be one of the easier visuals used by the ACT Science section.They are easier because there will only be one variable shown.Let’s examine the example practice question below: In this graph, the x-axis lists the years (in 1-year increments from 1976-1985). The y-axis measures the average beak depth, the variable in this research. We can use this graph to compare the year to average beak depth. If the passage had asked us, What isthe average beak depth in 1983? First, we need to find 1983 on the x-axis. Next, we look on the y-axis for the value of the average beak depth and see that it reads 9.6 mm.Bar graphs are really easy, so long as you make sure you have identified the correct bar, you will find the data you need. Scatter Plot Scatterplots are graphs of plotted points that show the relationship between two sets of data.We looked at one earlier, but here is another from the same passage: In this example, each dot represents the measure of the average cumulative percent change in AGTB in a specific year. Let's attempt this practice question: What wasthe average cumulative percent change in AGTB during Year 2? To answer this question, we firstneed to find Year 2 on the x-axis. Follow that up to the Year 2 point on the scatterplot. Next, we look on the y-axis for the average cumulative percent change in AGTB and see that it reads 6%. Scatterplots can be slightly more challenging if they ask you a question about a point not marked.Let’s say they had asked you instead: What was the average cumulative percent change in AGTB during Year 9? F. 0%G. 6%H. 10%J. 14% Well, there is no point for Year 9, but you can see the downward trend.In order to answer this question, I recommend drawing on the graph provided.See my example: Connect the dots you have to create a curve.Sorry for my less than perfect drawing, but you don’t have to be perfect.You can clearly see the curve is much closer to 14% than any of the other options, so the answer is 14%.When answering these trend questions, try whenever possible to draw out the curve on the graph you are given and then use process of elimination. When in doubt, draw it out. Which our next graphs happen to do for you! Also, check our ourarticles on calculating questions and interpolations questions! Line Graphs Line graphs are one of the harder types of visuals used in the ACT Science section.The reason they are more difficult is that they show essentially an infinite number of data points, and you need to be precise about which data point you're looking at.There are so many values since each point on the line is a new value. Also, the ACT Science section often uses line graphs to show 2 entirely different sets of data, one on the left and one on the right with a key to differentiate between the two lines such as in this example graph: Let’s break this graph down.2 lines represent 2 independent groups of information. Each line has its own range of measurements. The x-axis shows time in increments of 5 years.So if you were asked the practice question, What is the RCRF in January 1990? You must first notice the correct line. The solid line represents RCRF according to the key. Match it up to the measurement on the right or left. The right side represents RCRF in %.It may help to use the edge of your paper or a pen or pencil to create a straight line to find the point of intersection.See my example: Then, find the point of intersection between that solid line and the January 1990 mark, which is around 7-7.5% so that is the answer. So the key ACT Sciencestrategiesto remember with line graphs are: Identify the correct line Match it up to the correct measurement on the left or right Draw the point of intersection Now that we’ve conquered one of the hardest graphs on the ACT Science section, let’s take a break with a simple visual: Tables Tables are one of the easier types of visuals provided.There are a number of columns, and each entry in a column corresponds to the entry directly to the right or left of that entry in the same row.For example, the below table is typical: A sample question about a table may look like this: Based on Table 1, 0.001 ml of titrant added produced a reaction time of? The answer would be 12 seconds. To find this, you look up 0.001 in the left column representing "Amount of titrant added," and look to the corresponding value on the right, "reaction time." For tables, the key points are Identify the correct column in question Find the correct data point in question Look to the right or left of it in the same row to find the matching data point Some tables on the ACT Science section will have many rows and columns of data, but the technique is always the same. Finally, now that we have grasped most visual concepts, let’s take a whack at: Tricky Graphs You should be very close to visual reading â€Å"fluency.†Let’s check out a graph that is not what it seems: A lot of lines with confusing labels. Let’s say we asked a question: Which of the following absorbed the most light across all wavelengths? White S Orange S Red S Brown S First, let's take a look at the graph. There are 5 lines here, and each one represents a different color of light plus Sulfur Oxide (which we do not need for this question, as it's not one of the answer choices). Each graph represents the reflectance at each wavelength. The question is asking us for which substance absorbed the most light across all wavelengths. Let's break down this question.First, "absorb the most light" means the opposite of reflectance. Reflectance is what is graphed. Second, "across all wavelengths" means we're not just looking at one point on the x-axis; we're looking across all points. The unprepared or rushed student would answer White S because they see it reflects the most light across all wavelengths, of the options in the answer choices. However, knowing that absorbance is the opposite of reflectance and looking across all wavelengths, I see that Brown S is reflecting the least across all wavelengths.Therefore, it is absorbing the most, so the answer is Brown S. Rules to remember with graphs: always compare what you are being asked to what the graph actually shows.That way you don’t get tricked! Let’s check out another tricky graph: This graph is even more complex. There are intersecting lines of weird shapes, and labels for each of the regions enclosed by lines. But just like every other table, we can attack it one by one. Let’s say the practice question asked you: Which of the following would most likely NOT be found at a pressure of 10 kb? Facies A Facies C Facies G Facies E First, let's take a look at the graph. There are 7 Facies identified (facies is a geology term for a body of rock with specified characteristics - this info would be given in the passage). The graph shows the pressure, depth, and temperature at which these 7 Facies appear. The question is asking us for which of the following is NOT found at a pressure of 10 kb. Let's break down this question.First, pressure means we need to use the left y-axis.Second, we need to find 10 kb. Next, because the question asks what is likely NOT found at a pressure of 10kb,we need to draw a line across it,as inmy example: Now, you can see that Facies C, G, and E all are found out 10kb, but Facies A is not, so A is the correct answer. The unprepared or rushed student might choose Facies C, G, or E as the answer if they missed the NOT, or that student might accidentally look at a depth of 10 km on the right instead of pressure and get the answer entirely wrong. What to learn from this, Always make sure you have found the correct axis in question Be extra careful when you see a NOT or EXCEPT This way you avoid getting tricked by referring to the wrong data piece or answering the wrong question! Recap If you've ever had trouble with interpreting graphs, hopefully, you found this guide useful. Most graphs on the ACT will be of the more simplistic types, but now you should feel confident to tackle even the most complicated graphs the ACT throws at you. Here's a breakdown of the steps you should take: Read labels very carefully.Make sure you'relooking at the correct Figure. Remember the basics - what the axes represent, how the data points are depicted, how to go step by step to the value you need. All of the same rules apply to tables, bar graphs, scatterplots, line graphs, and tricky graphs. Don't try to understandthe units of measure. Practice practice practice to make sure you have these skills down. What’s Next? I hope you feel like a visual reading pro!As your next steps in studying for the ACT Science section, you should learnthe best way to study and practice for ACT Science. Not sure where you’d like to go to college? Figure out how to find your target school. Interested in attending a top college? Check out our guides to getting into Harvard and Stanford! Struggling with your college application? Learn how to write your personal statement and how to write about extracurriculars. Like this article? Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Sciencelesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Dora Seigel About the Author As an SAT/ACT tutor, Dora has guided many students to test prep success. 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Self Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Self Analysis - Essay Example One of these characteristics is being adaptable. I consider myself adaptable because I appreciate the little things around me and it is easy for me to make friends wherever I go. I am not such a difficult person to deal with. Although I can argue for what I believe in, I would not want to offend anybody with my words, much more hurt people with my gestures. Overall, I consider myself as a peaceful individual who is open to opportunities and friends. Exploring the second window gives me a thrill. I always want to know what others think of me and as I expected, I got the pleasure to know that the people around me appreciate what I am to them. Like what I thought, they consider me amiable and calm, qualities that I always wanted to project. Surprisingly, I got the comment that I am logical, serious, and shy. On being logical, I guess other people found me peace-loving that is why they call me logical. I make it a habit not to argue with anyone especially if things are not that serious. On one hand, the term logical may apply to me because I do not argue with anyone; on the other hand, it may be vague because I prefer to keep my thoughts to myself. As regards being serious and shy, I admit that these are some qualities that I would like to change. Being serious and shy may not be a real problem but being overly serious and shy could establish walls with other people. Learning about this impression makes me rethink of ways on how to be more lax and funny. Among the four windows, the third one is the most revealing. This window allows me to reflect on my negative side, which is unknown to others. Actually, some people may find the content of my third window as non-detrimental to my personality. Nevertheless, I find it quite a flaw, which I have to deal with squarely. For this window, I wrote that I am puzzled by the world, quite confused with what I should believe in. I wonder if God is real, if He really existed, why people have to suffer despite His existence,

Interpersonal Management Skills Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Interpersonal Management Skills - Coursework Example Leaders are expected to understand personalities of the people they lead. Interpersonal intelligence helps a person to deal with their emotions. It enables people to appreciate what they feel. Once a person is able to understand what s/he is going through, s/he is able to make wise decisions. Such a person will in turn appreciate others who are living around him or her. With interpersonal intelligence, one can understand other people and properly respond to their feelings. Responding to others needs is achieved when one fully understands their emotions (Fabian, Not dated). Self management skills enable a person to be positive about other people. In such a case, a leader will take time to address concerns of other people. A good leader will take time to inspire workers through encouragement. This promotes confidence of other people and boosts their morale. People with a proper interpersonal intelligence will relate with others showing a lot of understanding and concern. Management ski lls like these are important because managers encounter many people who have different expectations. Interpersonal intelligence helps a person to get along with others well during interaction. ... This ensures that people are able to live without commotion while they are living together in an organization. Attributes of a person are shaped by intelligence of people if they are able to deal with each other and to control their emotions. Behaviours of people are modulated by their better understanding of their inner feelings. Personal intelligence is manifested in the implementation of thoughts a person has about a situation or a condition. Managers should learn intrapersonal and interpersonal management skills so that they can choose the words they can speak to specified people. These skills are effective because they determine the choice of thoughts to release as actions or words (Fabian, Not dated). Statements from emotional intelligence intrapersonal intelligence that can reflect my strengths are: first, I have emotional resilience; this means that I withstand pressure and stress if they befall me, I regain my strength and continue with life. I am in full control of my feeli ngs. Second, I have personal power, and I am personally effective in control of my behaviour. Through this ability, I can choose what to do and when to do it. My behaviour is manageable because I have ability to avoid what I do not think worthwhile. The third statement of emotional intelligence intrapersonal intelligence I can say about myself is that I am flexible. This helps me to adapt to changes in the environment in which I live in. Sometimes these changes in the environment may not be predicted. This statement is a manifestation that I can respond to changes without struggling to make consultation. For example, at one time I am expected to perform roles as a mother of my children and at some other times I am supposed to behave as a wife to someone. These roles I manage because